Getting Started
Master the fundamentals: USDA hardiness zones, soil science, composting methods, irrigation basics, and essential gardening tools.
USDA Plant Hardiness Zones
The USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map divides North America into 13 zones based on average annual minimum winter temperature. Each zone represents a 10°F range. Select plants rated for your zone or colder.
| Zone | Min Temp (°F) | Example Locations |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | -40 to -30 | Northern Minnesota, Montana |
| 4 | -30 to -20 | Wisconsin, Wyoming |
| 5 | -20 to -10 | Iowa, Colorado, Massachusetts |
| 6 | -10 to 0 | Missouri, New Jersey, Oregon |
| 7 | 0 to 10 | Virginia, Oklahoma, Washington |
| 8 | 10 to 20 | Georgia, Texas, Pacific NW |
| 9 | 20 to 30 | Florida, Southern California, Arizona |
| 10 | 30 to 40 | Southern Florida, Hawaii |
Soil Science Fundamentals
Healthy soil is the foundation of every garden. Get a soil test from your university extension office ($15-25) before amending.
- pH: Most vegetables prefer 6.0-7.0. Blueberries need 4.5-5.5. Test first, amend accordingly.
- NPK: Nitrogen (leaf growth), Phosphorus (roots/flowers), Potassium (overall health).
- Organic matter: Target 5%+. Compost is the universal soil improver.
Composting Methods
- Hot composting: Active turning, 130-160°F, finished in 4-8 weeks. Kills weed seeds and pathogens.
- Cold composting: Pile and wait 6-12 months. Less work, slower results.
- Vermicomposting: Red wiggler worms in a bin. Excellent for apartments and small spaces.
- Bokashi: Fermentation method using inoculated bran. Handles meat/dairy. Bury after 2 weeks.
Essential Tools
- Garden fork, spade, trowel, pruning shears, garden hose with adjustable nozzle
- Wheelbarrow, garden gloves, kneeling pad, soil thermometer, rain gauge